If unharvested, in its second growing season it produces a flowering stem topped by an umbel of small yellow flowers, later producing pale brown, flat, winged seeds.

By this time, the stem has become woody and the tuberous root inedible. The parsnip is native to Eurasia ; it has been used as a vegetable since antiquity and was cultivated by the Romans , although some confusion exists between parsnips and carrots in the literature of the time.

It was used as a sweetener before the arrival in Europe of cane sugar. The parsnip is usually cooked, but it can also be eaten raw.

It has a very sweet taste, like carrots. It is high in vitamins and minerals , especially potassium. It also contains antioxidants and both soluble and insoluble dietary fiber.

It should be cultivated in deep, stone-free soil. It is attacked by the carrot fly and other insect pests, as well as viruses and fungal diseases, of which canker is the most serious.

Handling the stems and foliage can cause a skin rash if the skin is exposed to sunlight after handling.

The parsnip is a biennial plant with a rosette of roughly hairy leaves that have a pungent odor when crushed.

Parsnips are grown for their fleshy, edible, cream-colored taproots. The roots are generally smooth, although lateral roots sometimes form.

Most are cylindrical, but some cultivars have a more bulbous shape, which generally tends to be favored by food processors as it is more resistant to breakage.

The plant's apical meristem produces a rosette of pinnate leaves, each with several pairs of leaflets with toothed margins.

The lower leaves have short stems, the upper ones are stemless , and the terminal leaves have three lobes. The petioles are grooved and have sheathed bases.

It is hairy, grooved, hollow except at the nodes , and sparsely branched. The umbels and umbellets usually have no upper or lower bracts.

The flowers have tiny sepals or lack them entirely, and measure about 3. They consist of five yellow petals that are curled inward, five stamens , and one pistil.

The fruits, or schizocarps , are oval and flat, with narrow wings and short, spreading styles. Despite the slight morphological differences between the two, wild parsnip is the same taxon as the cultivated version, and the two readily cross-pollinate.

Like carrots, parsnips are native to Eurasia and have been eaten there since ancient times. Zohary and Hopf note that the archaeological evidence for the cultivation of the parsnip is "still rather limited", and that Greek and Roman literary sources are a major source about its early use.

In Europe, the vegetable was used as a source of sugar before cane and beet sugars were available. This plant was introduced to North America simultaneously by the French colonists in Canada and the British in the Thirteen Colonies for use as a root vegetable, but in the midth century, it was replaced as the main source of starch by the potato and consequently was less widely cultivated.

He back-crossed cultivated plants to wild stock, aiming to demonstrate how native plants could be improved by selective breeding. This experiment was so successful, 'Student' became the major variety in cultivation in the late 19th century.

Pastinaca sativa was first officially described by Carolus Linnaeus in his work Species Plantarum. Several species from other genera Anethum , Elaphoboscum , Peucedanum , Selinum are likewise synonymous with the name Pastinaca sativa.

Like most plants of agricultural importance, several subspecies and varieties of P. In Eurasia, some authorities distinguish between cultivated and wild versions of parsnips by using subspecies P.

In Europe, various subspecies have been named based on characteristics such as the hairiness of the leaves, the extent to which the stems are angled or rounded, and the size and shape of the terminal umbel.

Parsnips resemble carrots and can be used in similar ways, but they have a sweeter taste, especially when cooked. When used in stews , soups , and casseroles , they give a rich flavor.

Roast parsnip is considered an essential part of Christmas dinner in some parts of the English-speaking world and frequently features in the traditional Sunday roast.

They can be made into a wine with a taste similar to Madeira. In Roman times, parsnips were believed to be an aphrodisiac. Instead, they are fed to pigs, particularly those bred to make Parma ham.

A typical g parsnip contains 75 kcal kJ of energy. Since most of the vitamins and minerals are found close to the skin, many will be lost unless the root is finely peeled or cooked whole.

During frosty weather, part of the starch is converted to sugar and the root tastes sweeter. The consumption of parsnips has potential health benefits.

They contain antioxidants such as falcarinol , falcarindiol , panaxydiol, and methyl-falcarindiol, which may potentially have anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties.

The high fiber content of parsnips may help prevent constipation and reduce blood cholesterol levels. The etymology of the generic name Pastinaca is not known with certainty, but is probably derived from either the Latin word pastino , meaning "to prepare the ground for planting of the vine" or pastus , meaning "food".

Parship has several ways to interact with singles. The company offers both free and fee-based messaging options.

You will find the most convenient way to make new contacts with millions of singles from around Europe. Do not ignore the request to fulfill your profile.

Detailed profiles attract more attention. You should choose the most beautiful pictures of yourself and add them to your profile.

Note that your image looks blurred on the search results unless you release it. Sending messages is not the only way people communicate on this dating platform.

You can send an unlimited number of smiles, likes, icebreakers, etc. It is a flirty way to make new contacts and check the similarity of interests.

Everybody has the right to register for free. When you sign up, you can choose to use your valid email or do it via your Facebook account.

The registration step is not complicated at all. In the beginning, you have to write your email and password.

Next, all new clients have to go through a pretty time-consuming process of a personality test. It is a special questionnaire, which takes around 20 minutes.

The questionnaire consists of five parts. You have to answer them all to get the correct matching recommendations.

The quality of Parship profiles is high. They are informative enough to make the first impression of a potential match. The site encourages its clients to make profiles as noticeable as possible.

You should make your profile complete and comprehensive. As a free user, you will only see blurred images until the owner decides to release them.

The site does not display your names, but your profession. Other members can see if your profile is complete or empty. It is a good reminder for you to complete your dating profile not to get suspended by moderators.

It is not complicated to accomplish this task. Also, every profile displays your compatibility level with this potential match.

The rate focuses on shared interests and personality traits. All Parship members can get access to the mobile version.

Everybody can download the Parship application free of charge. All registered members have the right to log in using their Facebook. The number of downloads is more than , The application has the same principle of work as the desktop version.

It is the only way to find the right partners and build a harmonious union. According to the statistic, the number of logins is around 71, per day.

The only restriction of Parship is the age. You have to be above 18 years old to get access to dating services.

As soon as your premium subscription plan ends, the website extends it automatically for the same price and duration. The next auto transaction happens through the previous method of payment you have used.

It is allowed to stop the auto-renewal option for your Parship Premium Membership. You have to do it a bit earlier by contacting the Customer Support Team.

Parship can protect the safety of its clients thanks to strict safety measures. The unaffiliated review website reviewcentre. Of these , 92 reviewers rated Parship '1 star', or 'Terrible'.

Dissatisfied customers cite the 'hidden' auto renewal clause and subsequent appointment of debt collectors as a grievance, as well as the low number of appropriately matched profiles.

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